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  This site is intended for healthcare professionals yphoid FeveR Background Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by  Salmonella enterica  serotype  typhi  and, to a lesser extent,  S enterica  serotypes  paratyphi  A, B, and C. The terms typhoid and enteric fever are commonly used to describe both major serotypes. Typhoid fever has a wide variety of presentations that range from an overwhelming multisystemic illness to relatively minor cases of diarrhea with low-grade fever. The classic presentation is fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and  constipation . Untreated typhoid fever may progress to  delirium , obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.

  Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal. It's caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to the bacteria that cause salmonella  food poisoning . Typhoid fever is highly contagious. An infected person can pass the bacteria out of their body in their poo (stools) or, less commonly, in their pee (urine). If someone else eats food or drinks water that's been contaminated with a small amount of infected poo or urine, they can become infected with the bacteria and develop typhoid fever. Read more about the  causes of typhoid fever . Who's affected? Typhoid fever is most common in parts of the world that have poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Worldwide, children are thought to be most at risk of developing typhoid fever. This may be because their immune system (the body's natural defence against...

  Chapter and author info Show + 1. Introduction Water covers more than two-thirds of the earth’s surface, but mostly salty and undrinkable. The available freshwater resource is only 2.7% of the available water on earth but only 1% of the available freshwater (in lakes, rivers and groundwater) is accessible. Most of the available freshwater resources are inaccessible because they are in the hidden part of the hydrologic cycles (deep aquifers) and in glaciers (frozen in the polar ice), which means safe drinkable water on earth has very small proportion (~3%) in the freshwater resources. Freshwater can also be obtained from the seawater by desalinization process. In some countries, sufficient freshwater is not available ( physical scarcity ). In some countries, abundant freshwater is available, but it is expensive to use ( economic scarcity ). South Africa receives about 450 mm annual rainfall and is classified as a water-stressed country [ 1 ,  2 ]. The available freshwate...

The essential steps of the sulfur cycleare:Militifilftthiif•Mineralization of organic sulfur to the inorganic form, hydrogen sulfide, H2S.•Oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur (S) and related compounds to sulfate, SO42–.•Reduction of sulfate to sulfide.Mibilibilitifthlfdd•Microbial immobilization of the sulfur compounds and subsequent incorporation into the organic form of sulfu These are often termed as follows: Assimilative Assimilative sulfate reduction sulfate reduction (sulfur assimilation) (sulfur assimilation) in which in which sulfate (SO42–) is reduced  to organic  sulfhydryl  groups  (R–SH) by  plants, fungi and prokaryotes.  The oxidation states of sulfur are +6 in sulfate and –2 in R–SH. Desulfuration and  Dissimilative sulfur  reduction in which or g ganic molecules containing sulfur can be desulfurated, producing H2S. Note the similarity  to deamination. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide produces elemental sulfur (So), oxidat...

GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS As DNA is a genetic material, it carries genetic informations from cell to cell and from generation to generation. At this stage, an attempt will be made to determine that in what manner the genetic informations are existed in DNA molecule ? Are they written in articulated or coded language on DNA molecule? If in the language of codes, what is the nature of genetic code ? A DNA molecule is composed of three kinds of moieties: (i) phosphoric acid, (ii) deoxyribose sugar, and (iii) nitrogen bases. The genetic informations may be written in any one of the three moieties of DNA. But the poly-sugarphosphate backbone is always the same, and it is therefore unlikely that these moiteies of DNA molecule carry the genetic informations.  The nitrogen bases, however, vary from one segment of DNA  to another, so the informations might well depend on their sequences.  The sequences of nitrogen bases of a given segment of DNA molecule, actually has been fou...

E. Major  threats  to  Desert Biomes :   In  some  cases global warming  is  predicted to  increase the area  of  deserts.  Human activities  such as  firewood  gathering  and  the grazing  of animals  are also converting  semiarid  regions  into deserts,  a  process  known as  desertification.  Irrigation  used for  agriculture,  may  in the  long  term,  lead  to salt  levels  in  the soil  that  become  too  high  to support plants.  Off-road  vehicles, when used irresponsibly, can cause irreparable  damage  to desert habitats.  Sandstorms  from  deserts are now increasing.  This  is harmful  because the  dust particles  in the air  from  these storms  are small  enough  to  enter  your ...